Preadditive categories

"...a particularly perverse category theorist might define a ring as a preadditive category with exactly one object (in the same way that a monoid can be viewed as a category with only one object ...)"

$Ab$ -categories

There are many familiar categories in which the hom-sets have additional structure:

In the category ${Vec}_{F}$ of vector spaces over a field $F$ , each hom-set ${Hom}_{{Vec}_{F}} (V, W)$ has a (natural) structure of an $F$ -vector space. Addition is defined by addition of outputs; i.e., $(S + T) (v) = S (v) + T (v)$ for every $v \in V$ . The additive identity is the zero map.
In the category $R -Mod$ of left $R$ -modules over a fixed ring $R$ , each hom-set ${Hom}_{R} (M, N)$ has a (natural) structure of an abelian group. Once again, addition of morphisms is defined via addition of outputs.
When $R$ is commutative, the hom-sets in $R -Mod$ have a (natural) structure of $R$ -modules.
In the category $Ab$ of abelian groups, each hom-set ${Hom}_{Ab} (A, B)$ has a (natural) structure of an abelian group, via addition of outputs.

Why have I cryptically written "... a (natural) structure ..." in each of the above examples? Intuitively, we would like composition to "respect" these added structures.

Rather than make this precise in full generality, let's focus on the examples of the categories $Ab$ and $R -Mod$ , in which the hom-sets have a (natural) structure of abelian groups.

Definition of preadditive category

A preadditive category (also called an $Ab$ -category) is a category $A$ in which each hom-set ${Hom}_{A} (a, b)$ has the structure of an abelian group, in such a way that composition is bilinear. In other words, for morphisms $f, f^{'} : a \to b$ and $g, g^{'} : b \to c$ we have

(g + g^{'}) \circ (f + f^{'}) = g \circ f + g \circ f^{'} + g^{'} \circ f + g^{'} \circ f^{'} .

Note that because the composition of morphisms is bilinear, it can also be written using the tensor product (over $Z$ ) as a linear map:

{Hom}_{A} (b, c) \otimes_{Z} {Hom}_{A} (a, b) \to {Hom}_{A} (a, c)

An alternative definition: enriched categories

Although the definition above is fairly straightforward, I'm not a huge fan of it. To me, it seems rather "extrinsic" to conventional category theory. What I mean by that is the definition requires structure beyond the usual reference to categories, functors and natural transformations. Is there a more "intrinsic" definition? Maybe, although that depends on what counts as "intrinsic."

One alternative is to define a preadditive category directly (without first defining a category), as given by the following data:

A set of objects.
A function that assigns to each ordered pair of objects $(b, c)$ an abelian group $A (b, c)$ .
For each ordered triple of objects $(a, b, c)$ a morphism of abelian groups
$A (b, c) \otimes_{Z} A (a, b) \to A (a, c) .$
This morphism is called "composition" and written $g \otimes f \mapsto g \circ f$ .
For each object $a$ a group morphism $Z \to A (a, a)$ . (This is the analogue of each object in a category having a unique identity arrow, which corresponds to a set map ${*} \to {Hom}_{A} (a, a)$ .)

These data are required to satisfy the usual associative and unit laws for composition. This is a definition of preadditive category completely analogous to the definition of a conventional category, with:

$Set$ replaced by $Ab$
Cartesian product $\times$ in $Set$ replaced by tensor product $\otimes_{Z}$ in $Ab$
the one-point set ${*}$ replaced by $Z$

Because of this definition, a preadditive category is sometimes called a category enriched over $Ab$ . As the name suggests, this leads to a more general concept of enriched categories. For now, we'll leave that tantalizing idea for future exploration.

Additive functors

If we are dealing with preadditive categories, we will probably want to restrict our functors to those that respect addition of morphisms:

Definition of additive functors

If $A$ and $B$ are preadditive categories, a functor $T : A \to B$ is said to be additive when every function $T : {Hom}_{A} (a, a^{'}) \to {Hom}_{B} (T (a), T (a^{'}))$ is a group morphism; i.e., when $T (f + f^{'}) = T (f) + T (f^{'})$ for all parallel morphisms $f, f^{'}$ .

When talking about functors between preadditive categories, we will always assume we mean additive functors.

Biproducts

Our main example categories, namely $Ab$ and $R -Mod$ , have additional properties beyond the group structure on the hom-sets. One of those properties is that products and coproducts always exist for every pair of objects, and they're always isomorphic. In other words, the product functor $\times$ and coproduct functor $⊔$ are naturally isomorphic. Because of this, there is usually some confusion as to which type of product to use, and you often see textbooks using coproduct (usually called the direct sum and denoted $A \oplus B$ ) as if it's a product; e.g., by referring to projection maps $π_{1} : A \oplus B \to A$ and $π_{2} : A \oplus B \to B$ .

This situation can happen more generally in any $Ab$ -category. We first introduce a new type of product:

Biproducts

In an preadditive category $A$ , a biproduct diagram for a pair of objects $a, b$ is a diagram

with arrows that satisfy the identities

p_{1} i_{1} = 1_{a}, p_{2} i_{2} = 1_{b}, i_{1} p_{1} + i_{2} p_{2} = 1_{c} .

Note that this definition is entirely "internal" in that it refers only to morphisms between the objects $a$ and $b$ , as opposed to the usual product $a \times b$ or coproduct $a ⊔ b$ , which are defined as limits and colimits and hence involve morphisms to and from every object in the category.

In other words, to verify you have a biproduct diagram, you just need to directly verify the three identity relations above. On the other hand, to verify $a \overset{p_{1}}{\leftarrow} c \overset{p_{2}}{\to} b$ is a product you need to verify it satisfies the appropriate universal property, which involves comparing $c$ (with its projections) to every other object $d$ (that also has projections to $a$ and $b$ ).

Fortunately, we have the following result:

Products, coproducts, and biproducts

Two objects $a$ and $b$ in a preadditive category $A$ have a product in $A$ if and only if they have a biproduct in $A$ . In the biproduct diagram above, the object $c$ with the morphisms $p_{1}$ and $p_{2}$ is a product of $a$ and $b$ , while the object $c$ with the morphisms $i_{1}$ and $i_{2}$ is a coproduct of $a$ and $b$ .

In particular, two objects $a$ and $b$ have a product in $A$ exactly when they have a coproduct in $A$ .

In the categories $Ab$ and $R -Mod$ , the biproduct is usually called the direct sum of the given objects. Because of this, if the biproduct diagram exists for all $a, b$ in a given preadditive category, $A$ , the object $c$ is usually written $c = a \oplus b$ . This defines a functor $\oplus : A \times A \to A$ , with $f_{1} \oplus f_{2}$ defined for morphisms $f_{1} : a \to a^{'}$ and $f_{2} : b \to b^{'}$ either by the equations

p_{j}^{'} (f_{1} \oplus f_{2}) = f_{j} p_{j}

(i.e., as defined for the product functor $\times$ ), or by the equations

(f_{1} \oplus f_{2}) i_{k} = i_{k}^{'} f_{k}

(i.e., as defined for the coproduct functor $⊔$ ). By the properties of the biproduct diagram, either choice implies the other.

In other words, the identification of the product functor $a \times b$ with the coproduct functor $a ⊔ b$ is a natural isomorphism.

Generalizing biproducts

We can iterate this process. Given $a_{1}, \dots, a_{n} \in A$ we can form a product $⨁_{j} a_{j}$ characterized (up to isomorphism) by the diagram

a_{j} \overset{i_{j}}{\to} ⨁_{j} a_{j} \overset{p_{k}}{\to} a_{k}

and the equations

i_{1} p_{1} + \dots + i_{n} p_{n} = 1, p_{k} i_{j} = δ_{k j},

where $δ_{k j} = 0$ if $k \neq j$ and $δ_{k k} = 1$ .

Moreover, for given objects $a_{i}, c_{j} \in A$ with $1 \leq i \leq n$ and $1 \leq j \leq m$ there is an isomorphism of abelian groups

{Hom}_{A} (⨁_{k} c_{k}, ⨁_{j} a_{j}) ≃ ⨁_{j, k} {Hom}_{C} (c_{k}, a_{j})

This implies that each morphism $f : ⨁_{k} c_{k} \to ⨁_{j} a_{j}$ is determined by the $n \times m$ matrix of its components $f_{k j} : p_{j} f i_{k} : c_{k} \to a_{j}$ . Composition of morphisms is then given by the usual matrix product of the matrices of components.

Suggested next note

Additive categories

Ab-categories

An alternative definition: enriched categories

Additive functors

Biproducts

Generalizing biproducts

Suggested next note

$Ab$ -categories